Architecture Lecture's Review
Walking into the Architectural World of Lingnan Gardens
嶺南庭園建築講座——「步築嶺南庭園」回顧
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是次講座分為兩部份：介紹嶺南庭園的歷史及介紹嶺南四大庭園。
一丶嶺南庭園的歷史
李磷老師在開首時先與聽眾回顧嶺南園林與庭園的分別，園林是面積較大的中式花園；而庭園則是面積較少的。古時有不少大型園林建築。在唐朝和宋朝之間，嶺南是一個獨立的小型王國名為南漢國藥洲，現時仍保存了當時園林的遺址，用當時別緻的石頭建成了一個小庭園供大眾參觀。
在明末清初時期，廣東地區亦有不少園林，如城東的「東臯別業」；城南的「望春園」；城西的花田；城北的芳春園。 另外，珠江三角洲的園林數目亦非常多，如在清代嘉慶丶道光年間有「海山仙館」丶「荷香別墅」和「夢香園」等，大多都是私家園林，同時名稱優雅，富有詩情畫意。
古典丶嶺南園林之分
古典園林以江南丶蘇州為人熟知。以蘇州園林作例，為權貴所居住，住宅與園林分隔；構圖比較自然，追求自然美；而進入近代歷史時期後，受西方文化丶藝術影響，嶺南園林則界定為近代園林。以可園為例，園林與住宅合而為一；採用幾何構圖（人工美）為主，亦有人工水池。可見，兩種園林建築特色大為不同。
嶺南庭園的地方特色
嶺南庭園普遍在亞熱帶氣候的地方，因此園內的植物和設計與別不同。在植物方面，由於這些地方的四季不分明，所以園內通常會種植常綠的亞熱帶植物。此外，嶺南庭園的植物普遍以盆栽種植，方便更換，令景色有不同的變化。園內的樹木會種在槽栽在，因為亞熱帶地區較常下雨會使樹根生長速度加快，但嶺南庭園面積細小，所以種在槽栽中能限制樹根生長。園內通常會種植亞熱帶水果的果樹，如荔枝、龍眼和波蘿蜜等。
在設計方面，由於嶺南園林地方細小，所以造景主要以點景為主。由於空間限制，園內沒有位置放大型假山，因此會放置疊石模仿山，有以小見大的效果。另外，園內的地面主要舖地為主，以方便排走雨水，使園內保持乾爽和避免水浸。而牆壁主要以青磚為主，有別於江南園林以白色的粉牆為主。
新式建築
嶺南庭園有結合中西文化的特色，當中使用不少非傳統中國建築的元素。傳統中國建築以木為主，而嶺南庭園以西式常用的磚石為主。李磷先生在講座中詳列了很多可以在嶺南庭園見到的西方建築特色：磚木結構、柱頂版、柱頂過樑、簷口、裝飾腳線、拱形裝飾、浮雕、套色玻璃、瓶狀欄杆柱、金屬欄杆和盆栽及槽栽。
二丶嶺南四大庭園
四大名園
嶺南庭園的四大名園指佛山群星草堂、順德清暉園、東莞可園和番禺餘蔭山房。它們被稱為四大名園因為它們保存得比較完整，其他庭園基本上已經絕跡。以下將會詳盡介紹：
群星草堂
群星草堂為於佛山松風路先鋒古道，修建於嘉慶至道光年間，曾於1982年重修。群星草堂原為梁園其中一部份，其園主為內閣中書梁藹如、禮部儀制司主事梁九章及禮部儀制司員外郎梁九圖叔侄。梁園約二百餘畝，以大湖為中心，由群星草堂、十二石齋、寒香館、汾江草廬四組獨立庭園組成，後來只有群星草堂能完整保留，其餘皆已絕跡。
群星草堂主要有三幢兩層的主體建築，每幢建築物之間有一個天井，並設有花圃、船廳、花匠房等建築物。在主體建築附近有一個旱庭，即沒有水池的庭園，內放置不同大小的石頭，就像不同的星星一樣，因此命名「群星草堂」。而較高大的石頭看似像山一樣，有「以小見大」的效果。而群星草堂的北面設有外園，即有小湖的地方。
清暉園
清暉園為於順德大良華蓋里，修建於嘉慶至道光年間，於1959年進行重建，並於1990年進行擴建。園主為清代進士龍廷槐。規模約六千六百平方米。
前身為明末大學士黃士俊的宅園，廢園後由進士龍於乾隆年間購得。他在嘉慶十年將物業分柝傳給其兩子龍廷槐和龍廷梓。龍廷梓得到廢園的東、西兩側，分別建成太常花園和楚香園，後毀。龍廷槐得到廢園的中心位置，後建成清暉園。
清暉園的主要住宅部份建於園內右方，中間上方的部份為大小姐居住的地方和船廳，該處為整個庭園最有私隱的地方。而現時清暉園最古老的建築為「碧溪草堂」，建於清道光二十六年，位於清暉庭的左上方。值得一提的是清暉園的色彩運用豐富，色彩艷目。
可園
可園為於東莞縣城西郊博廈村，修建於道光三十年（1850年）。園主為文人出身的武將張敬修。規模為三畝三分（2240平方米）。
可園為嶺南畫派的發源地，因為嶺南畫派開山鼻祖居巢和居廉曾居住於園內。他們為張敬修的朋友。
可園園內的設計為建築物在邊界並包住兩個內園，形成連廊。其入口使用東莞的紅山岩製作。而在主體建築中，其底層雙親室使用「亞」字型的設計裝飾，在窗花和地面皆可以看見「亞」字。
餘蔭山房
餘蔭山房位於番禺的南村，修建於同治五年（1886年），園主為舉人鄔彬。規模不足三畝（1598平方米）。
餘蔭山房運用了不少以小見大的造景技巧，十分精彩。例如在園中右方的玲瓏水樹中，其八角形設計可以看到不同景像。以下將詳列不同方向看到的景像：
東方：丹桂迎旭日，可觀賞日出
東南方：楊柳樓臺青
南方：臘梅花開盛，可欣賞梅花
西南方：石林咫尺形，可欣賞園內的石頭
西方：虹橋清輝映，可望廊橋
西北方：臥瓢聽琴聲，可欣賞音樂
北方：果壇蘭幽徑，可以看到園內種植的大樹菠蘿
東北方：孔雀盡開屏，可望孔雀亭
餘蔭山房園內左方為主要居住地，園內亦有不小亞熱帶植物和石山。
最後，李磷先生亦補充了兩個四大名園外的園林，分別為澳門的盧廉若花園和開平立園。盧廉若花園內有中式花園及西式別墅。其西式別墅為中式和西式的建築元素結合。開平立園內的花藤亭是模仿西方溫室的設計，而鳥巢則是模仿西式巴洛克時期的教堂。
The lecture is divided into two parts:
introducing the history of Lingnan garden and introducing four famous Lingnan gardens.
(1) The history of Lingnan garden
In the beginning, Mr. Li Lin reviewed Chinese gardens. In Chinese, gardens named "Yuanlin 園林" are Chinese-style gardens with a large area. The smaller gardens are named "Tingyuan 庭園". There were many extensive gardens in ancient times. Between the Tang and Song dynasties, Lingnan was an independent kingdom called Nanhan Guoyaozhou. The ruins of the gardens at that time are still preserved. There was a small garden built with unique stones at that time for the public to visit.
In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, there were many gardens in Guangdong, such as "Donggao Bieye" in the east of the city; "Wang Chun Yuan" in the south, "Hua Yuan" in the west, and "Fang Chun Yuan" in the north. In addition, the number of gardens in the Pearl River Delta is also large. For example, "Haishan Xian Guan", "He Xiang Bieshu", and "Meng Xiang Yuan" in the Jiaqing and Daoguang periods. Most of them are private gardens with elegant and poetic names.
Difference between Classical gardens and Lingnan gardens
Classical gardens are well known in Jiangnan and Suzhou. Take Suzhou gardens as an example, where the rich and powerful lived, and the residences were separated from the gardens. The design is natural and pursues natural beauty. In the mid-nineteenth century, China was influenced by Western culture and art. Therefore, Lingnan gardens are defined as modern gardens. Take Keyuan as an example. The garden and the residence are integrated into one. It adopts geometric design, mainly artificial beauty. It can be seen that the characteristics of the two gardens are very different.
Local specialties of Lingnan Garden
Since most of the Lingnan Garden is in subtropics, the plants and design of the garden were different from other Chinese gardens. About the plants, the four seasons of subtropical places are indistinguishable, so the garden is usually planted with evergreen subtropical plants. In addition, the plants in Lingnan Garden are generally planted in pots, which are easy to replace and change the scenery. The trees in the garden are planted in planters because subtropical places often rain. It can cause the roots to grow faster. Therefore, the trees planted in planters can limit the speed of root growth. The subtropical fruits such as lychee, longan, and jackfruit are usually planted.
About the design, Lingnan Garden is a small place, so the landscaping method is mainly based on focal scenery. Due to the space limitation, there is no large rockery placed in the garden. Therefore, the stacked rocks will be placed to imitate mountains, which has the effect of seeing the big from the small. In addition, the ground in the park is mainly paved to drain the rainwater. It can keep the park dry and avoid flooding. The walls are mainly blue bricks, different from the white walls in Jiangnan gardens.
New style building
Lingnan Garden has the characteristics of combining Chinese and Western cultures. There are many elements of non-traditional Chinese architecture used in it. Traditional Chinese buildings are dominated by wood. Lingnan gardens are dominated by bricks and stones commonly used in Western styles. In the lecture, Mr. LI Lin detailed many Western architectural features that can be seen in Lingnan Gardens. For example, abacus, architrave, cornice, molding, arch decoration, relief, stained glass, baluster, cast-iron railing, and planter.
(2) Four famous Lingnan gardens
The four famous Lingnan Gardens of Lingnan Garden refer to “Qunxing Caotang” in Foshan, “Qing Hui Yuan” in Shunde, “Keyuan” in Dongguan, and “Yuyin Shanfang” in Panyu. They are called the Four Famous Gardens because they are relatively well preserved, and the other gardens have disappeared. The following will introduce four famous Lingnan Gardens in detail.
Qunxing Caotang
Qunxing Caotang is located in Pioneer Trail on Songfeng Road, Foshan. It was built between Jiaqing and Daoguang years and rebuilt in 1982. Qunxing Caotang was initially a part of Liang’s Garden. It has belonged to Liang Airu, Liang Jiuzhang, and Liang Jiutu. Liang’s Garden was about 200 acres. The center of the garden is the great lake. The garden consists of four independent gardens: Qunxing Caotang, Twelve-stone House, Fenjiang Thatched Cottage, and the Hanxiang House. Lately, only the Qunxing Caotang was preserved entirely, and the rest were disappeared.
There are three main buildings in Qunxing Caotang. Each building is two floors. Between each building, there is a patio. The flower garden, a boat hall, and gardener’s room are in the Qunxing Caotang. There is a dry garden near the main building. A dry garden means a garden without a pool. Different sizes of stones are placed in it, just like different stars. Therefore, the garden is named “Qunxing Caotang”. Some taller stones look like mountains and have the effect of “seeing the big from the small”. On the north side of Qunxing Caotang, there is a garden with a small lake.
Qing Hui Yuan
Qing Hui Yuan is located in Daliang, Shunde District, Foshan. It was built between Jiaqing and Daoguang years. It was rebuilt in 1959 and expanded in 1990. It has belonged to Long Tinghuai. The garden was about 6600 square meters.
Qing Hui Yuan was formerly the residence of Huang Shijun. After the garden was abandoned, it was purchased by Jin Shilong during the Qianlong period. In the tenth year of Jiaqing, he passed on the garden to his two sons, Long Tinghuai and Long Tingzi. Long Tingzi got the east and west sides of the garden and built Tai Chang Yuan and Chu Xiang Yuan, respectively, which were later destroyed. Long Tinghuai got the garden's center and later built Qing Hui Yuan.
The central residential part of Qing Hui Yuan is built on the right side of the garden. The upper middle part is the lady lives and the boat hall, the most private place in the garden. Bi Xi Caotang is the oldest building in Qing Hui Yuan. It was built in the 26th year of Daoguang. It is located on the upper left of Qing Hui Yuan. It is worth mentioning that Qing Hui Yuan is a colorful garden.
Keyuan
Keyuan is located in Boxia, Guancheng District, West Dongguan city, Dongguan. It was built in 1850. It has belonged to Zhang Jinxiu. The garden is about 2240 square meters.
Keyuan is the birthplace of the Lingnan School of Painting because Ju Chao and Ju Lian, the founders of the Lingnan School of Painting, once lived in the garden. They are friends of Zhang Jingxiu.
The design of the Keyuan is that the building built in borders and encloses the two gardens, then form a corridor. The entrance is made of Hongshanyan in Dongguan. In the main building, Shuangqin Shi is decorated with a word “Ya (亞)”. “Ya” can be seen on the window grilles and on the ground.
Yuyin Shanfang
Yuyin Shanfang is located in Nancun, Panyu. It built in 1886. It was belonged to Wu Bin. The garden is about 1598 square meters.
Yuyin Shanfang has used many "seeing the big from the small" landscaping techniques, which is fantastic. For example, in the Linglong Xhuishu on the right side of the garden, its octagonal design can see different scenes. Here is a breakdown of what you can see from different directions:
East: Dangui ying xuri (watch the sunrise here)
Southeast: Yangliulou taiqing
South: Lameihua kaisheng (enjoy the plum blossoms)
Southwest: Shilin zhichi xing (admire the stones)
West: Hongqiao qing huiying (see the Hongqiao)
Northwest: Wopiao ting qinsheng (enjoy the music)
North: Guotan lanyoujing (see the jackfruit trees planted in the garden)
Northeast: Kongque jin kaiping (see the peacock pavilion)
The left side of Yuyin Shanfang is the principal residence, and there are also many subtropical plants and rocky mountains in the garden.
Finally, Mr. LI Lin replenished two gardens outside the four famous gardens, namely Lou Lim Ioc Park in Macau and Liyuan in Kaiping. There are Chinese-style gardens and Western-style villas in Lou Lim Ioc Park. The villas are a combination of Chinese and Western architectural elements. Huateng ting in Liyuan imitates the design of a Western greenhouse, and Niaochao imitates the church of the Western Baroque period.
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